Different learning needs call for different support. Here is a plain English guide to reading, writing and maths difficulties, alongside other conditions that can affect learning.
Specific learning disorders
These involve persistent difficulty with particular academic skills despite appropriate teaching and support. They are distinct from intellectual disability and can overlap. Read DSF’s overview.
Dyslexia: Reading
Dyslexia can affect accurate or fluent word reading and spelling. It does not reflect a lack of effort. Healthdirect explains dyslexia.
Dysgraphia: Written expression
Writing involves language, spelling and movement skills. Difficulties may involve organising ideas, spelling or handwriting, with different causes requiring different support. Persistent written-expression difficulties are commonly called dysgraphia. Handwriting alone does not establish a diagnosis. DSF explains the different factors.
Dyscalculia: Maths
Dyscalculia describes a specific learning disorder affecting mathematics. Number understanding and calculation may be difficult. Other factors, including teaching, reading and anxiety, can also affect maths performance, so assessment matters. Read DSF’s maths guidance.
Other conditions that can affect learning
These are not interchangeable with the specific learning disorders above. A person may have more than one condition.
Language and coordination conditions
Developmental coordination disorder, also called dyspraxia, affects movement skills and can make handwriting difficult. Healthdirect explains DCD. Aphasia is an acquired language condition following brain damage, such as a stroke; it is not dyslexia. Read about aphasia.
Auditory processing difficulties
Difficulty understanding speech, especially in noise, can have several causes. An audiologist assesses hearing and auditory processing; language and attention may also need assessment. Diagnostic approaches vary. ASHA explains auditory processing assessment. Do not choose headphones or other listening devices solely from a symptom checklist.
Nonverbal learning disability terminology
NVLD is a term used for learning profiles involving visual-spatial difficulties. The term does not mean someone cannot speak. Definitions and diagnostic criteria remain an area of research; it should not be presented as a settled diagnosis based on social cues. Read about Columbia University’s NVLD research.
ADHD and autism
ADHD and autism are distinct conditions that can occur alongside a specific learning disorder. Assessment should consider overlapping needs rather than attributing all difficulties to one condition.
Find the right assessment and support
Discuss concerns with the school and GP. Ask which professional is qualified to assess the particular difficulty. A psychologist can assess learning; language, hearing and movement concerns may need other professionals. Healthdirect describes assessment and support options.
Ask for a plan explaining the skill being taught, adjustments, any tools to trial and how progress will be reviewed. Previous targeted instruction and response to support matter in diagnostic assessment. DSF explains when assessment can help.
School support and NDIS funding
Schools are responsible for teaching, learning assistance and education-related adjustments. These are not automatically NDIS-funded because a student has a disability. See the NDIA’s list of supports that are not NDIS supports.
A learning-disorder diagnosis alone does not establish NDIS eligibility. Disability supports must meet the NDIS funding criteria. Check your approved plan and ask who is responsible for each support before agreeing to costs.
Your questions, answered
Can someone have more than one learning disorder?
Yes. Difficulties with reading, writing and maths can overlap. Assessment helps identify the combination of strengths and needs.
Does difficult handwriting always mean dysgraphia?
No. Writing draws on movement, language and literacy skills. Assessment should identify the relevant factors rather than treating handwriting alone as a diagnosis.
Are tools or therapy automatically NDIS-funded?
No. Educational supports and NDIS disability supports have different responsibilities. Check the purpose, funding criteria and approved plan before booking or buying anything.
Your next step
Our learning support guide offers questions for families. For disability-related everyday supports, ask Unify about your goals and service availability. Guidance checked 3 October 2026.
